Death of Yuan generated cenifugal forces and lead to 2 parrallel developments.
- Provincial military powerholders undermined the central powers and strengthened the forces of regionalism
- Monarchial movement and the rise of the warlordism heightened the sense of urgency among the intellectuals to find a new solution to China's problems
Conflicts between Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui(Prime Minister, controlled Beiyang's Army)
- Issues of Joining World War I by Duan Qirui, in order to gain support from Japan for funds to increase Military Power in China
- Li obstructed Duan and dismissed Duan in May 1917
- Li sought military assistance from Zhang Xun, Governor of Anhui, causing Qing Dynasty to be restored on 1st July 1917, lasting 12 days
- Duan took the opportunity and overthrowed Li.
Warlord Period 1917-1927
- One government in Beijing under Duan's Control from 1917-1920
- One government in Guangzhou; Sun established a military government to start the Constitutional Protection Movement
- Warlords from different backgrounds and abilities; all seeking different purposes for China
- Army increased from 500,000 in 1914 to 900,000 in 1920 and increased to 1,500,000 in 1925
- 179 wars were fought from 1912-1922
- 46 cabinets during 1912-1927, politics not stable
Beiyang commanders split into 2 warring factions.
- Anhui's Clique under Duan Qirui, 1917-1920
- Zhili's Clique under Feng Guo Zhang, later Cao Kun and Wu Peifu controlling Beijing from 1920-1924
- Fengtian Clique under Zhang Zuolin dominated Beijing after 1924
related books:
The Rise of Modern China (Paperback)
China's Republic (New Approaches to Asian History) (Hardcover)
China and the Origins of the Pacific War, 1931-41 (Paperback)
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